Cloxacillin Sodium

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Cloxacillin sodium is a narrow spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. Cloxacillin sodium is freely soluble in aqueous solution (0.014 mg/mL).

Mechanism of Action
β-lactams interfere with PBP (penicillin binding protein) activity involved in the final phase of peptidoglycan synthesis. PBP’s are enzymes which catalyze a pentaglycine crosslink between alanine and lysine residues providing additional strength to the cell wall. Without a pentaglycine crosslink, the integrity of the cell wall is severely compromised and ultimately leads to cell lysis and death. Resistance to β-lactams is commonly due to cells containing plasmid encoded β-lactamases. Unlike other members of the penicillin class, cloxacillin is resistant to β-lactamases.

Specification

CAS Number: 7081-44-9

Molecular Formula: C₁₉H₁₇ClN₃NaO₅S · H2O

Molecular Weight: 475.88 g/mol

Source: Semi-synthetic

Water Content (Karl Fisher): 3.0-5.0%

pH: 4.5-7.5

Assay: ≥ 825 µg/mg (on dried basis)

Impurities
Dimethylanilline: Meets the requirements

Spectrum
Cloxacillin targets primarily gram positive bacteria, especially β-lactamase producing Staphylococci.

Microbiology Applications
Cloxacillin is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against gram positive microbial isolates.  Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options for infected patients.  Representative MIC values include:

Staphylococcus aureus 0.2 µg/mL – 3.13 µg/mL
• For a complete list of cloxicillin MIC values, click here.

References

Guzmán, Flavio, MD. "Beta Lactams Antibiotics (penicillins and Cephalosporins) Mechanism of Action.” Medical Pharmacology. Pharmacology Corner, 29 Nov. 2008. Web. 21 Aug. 2012.

Pitout JD, Sanders CC, Sanders WE Jr. Antimicrobial resistance with focus on beta-lactam resistance in gram-negative bacilli. Am J Med 1997; 103:51.